Rubedo, or reddening, is the final stage in the alchemical process. It symbolizes the completion and perfection of the Great Work.
Rubedo is often associated with the achievement of unity and balance, the merging of opposites, and the realization of the philosopher’s stone. This stage represents not just the physical transformation of substances, but also the spiritual and psychological transformation of the practitioner, achieving wisdom, harmony, and a perfected state.